The Great Ireland Potato Famine Effects Essay -- Essays Papers

The Great Ireland Potato Famine Effects The Great Ireland Potato Famine was a horrible event that had many lasting effects. Some of these effects were starvation, disease, poverty, emigration, and lost traits. These effects plagued mostly western Ireland, but had an overall effect on all of Ireland. Many of the traditional ways of economics and society changed drastically because of the famine. Many people also blamed the British for letting the famine get so bad. These effects will be discussed throughout the paper. Starvation was one of the main effects of the Great Potato Famine, which was â€Å"unlike other subsistence crises† (Crawford, 114). The Irish people were very dependant on potatoes as a source of food. â€Å"The majority of the Irish peasants did not have access to the type of land or amount of land required for wheat (grain) production, and thus the potato became the crucial staple crop† (Braa 200). When the blight struck, the Irish people lost this source of food and had nothing else to turn to. For this reason, the people starved to death. Some people were so hungry that â€Å"they ate dogs and rats, often dogs and rats that had already eaten human corpses† (Leo, 16). The Irish people had no other knowledge of farming other crops because they had become so use to growing potatoes. They also did not have the stomach to eat different foods, like seafood, which resulted in a poor nutrition that led to many more deaths not from starvation, but from diseases. Diseases played a big part in the fatalities of the Irish people. Some of these diseases were â€Å"typhus and relapsing fevers, small pox, tuberculosis, dysentery, marasmus (starvation) and other famine disorders† (Crawford 135). These diseases did not just occu... ...ttle between the Irish and the British. The Irish people were ready to get out of their slavery from the British, and were ready to start a new life. They blamed the British, so they went after them. Soon enough, the Irish would get want they have been long wanting for. Works Cited Abbot, Patrick. Ireland’s Great Famine 1845-1849. Apr. 2000. 16 Jan. 2004 . Braa, Dean M. â€Å"The Great Potato Famine and the Transformation of Irish Peasant Society.† Science & Society 61.2 (1997) : 193-215. Crawford, E. Margaret. Famine: The Irish Experience. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers LTD, 1989. Daly, Douglas C. â€Å"Famine's ghost.† Natural History 105.1 (1996) : 6 Kinealy, Christine. The Great Irish Famine. New York, NY: Palgrave, 2002. Leo, John. â€Å"Of Famine and Green Beer.† U.S. News & World Report 122.11 (1997) : 16

European History Essay

The way the eastern civilization would live is how people dream of living today. The eastern peoples put others above themselves. The way the western civilization used to live is how we live today: caring about ourselves for the most part. Even though the eastern side of living is how most people wanted to live, there are some positive characteristics of the western side that are worth incorporating. A common problem today is that we don’t think. A trait of eastern culture is the being contemplative. There are countless problems that could be avoided if thought would have gone into the situation. Life is a strategy that is filled with decisions. It is inevitable that mistakes will be made, but there will be less if you think before you act. In life there are always consequences for your actions. What most people don’t realize is that there can be positive consequences. This is something that the western civilization honored; the rewards or the positive consequences of the life they lived. Having the good things in your life isn’t as rewarding as working for the grand prize. Towards the end of your life, what will you have that reflects what you work for? In the eastern civilization, working with less is held high in standards. As the years go by, people always want more and more but is it really necessary? For example, heated seats and electronic windows are nice in our vehicles but we don’t actually need them. The eastern peoples learned to work with what they were given, even if it was less than what they wanted. Technology is taking over the world. With this new interference with human life, the beautiful art of work will soon be forgotten. There are amazing things that humans can do as long as they work for it. The western civilization figured this out and put activity high on the list of standards. Life is short and there may be things that we miss if we don’t work to see what it has in store for us. Both the eastern and western civilization contain characteristics that would benefit the human race. A mixture of the two would be a perfect way to live. Placing others higher in value than yourself is a trait that isn’t common in the world today. Even though, putting others first is something great, you need to think about yourself too. You only have one life and one chance to make it the best. Do what makes you happy and you will see that others will come with you.

The Tides: a Poetry Analysis

During the Romantic Period of literature, William Cullen Bryant created the brilliant poem, â€Å"The Tides. † This specific poem is the story of watching the tides change. Most of Bryant’s works are nature-oriented and take advantage of multiple literary terms. â€Å"The Tides† has a significant meaning, several romantic elements, and uses many literary devices. The general interpretation of â€Å"The Tides† is about what occurs when the tides change. Bryant uses great description in characterizing the violent seas at high tide. Norbert Krapf analyzed this poem and described the water becoming mysterious, not still and pond-like. Krapf 6) The poet gives the water violent characteristics. â€Å"His imagination transforms the scene into an image of limitation and imprisonment† (Krapf 7). The poem begins as a calm, serene ocean. Increasingly throughout the story, waters become more violent marking as the change of the tides from low to high. The meani ng of â€Å"The Tides† can also be very deep. As the change to high tide strikes, the sea relieves its stress and releases. Humans go through the exact same thing by relieving stress. Norbert Krapf also writes that â€Å"The Tides† is powerful and the sea yearns for release. (Krapf 7)William Cullen Bryant wrote â€Å"The Tides† during the Romantic Era. Bryant gave this poem many Romantic qualities. Describing the sea before and during high tide sees the attitude of â€Å"longing for the past† While the sea is becoming violent, there is a sense of the waters wanting to become as serene as they were during low tide. The â€Å"love for the natural landscape† is described throughout the entire duration of the poem. The narrator depicts a violent scene of the tides as they change into a beautiful scene of nature. Bryant depicts the beauty of the sea and his appreciation for the ocean.The â€Å"concern for individual freedom† is also a romantic at titude seen in â€Å"The Tides. † The ocean waters are described as imprisoned and wanting to relieve their stress. When the tides officially change, the sea becomes free and releases all of its stress. Many literary terms and devices are observed while reading â€Å"The Tides. † William Cullen Bryant writes this poem starting with iambic pentameter and changes to iambic tetrameter. This poem is also written in ten quatrains. The rhyme scheme ABAB is present in â€Å"The Tides. † Personification is seen many times in this poem such as in stanza eight.Bryant describes the ocean’s water as a prisoner yearning for release. Run-on lines are used throughout the poem. â€Å"And, with a sullen moan, abashed, they creep/ Back into his inner caves† (Lines 23-24) is an example of a run-on line. â€Å"The Tides convey through impressionistic imagery a desire to escape the pull of cosmic forces. † (Muller 254) Imagery is used heavily in this poem. Willi am Cullen Bryant’s use of imagery creates a vivid picture of the tides changing. The tones of this poem are beauty, strength, violence, and serenity.The tides wish for peace and serenity, and therefore yearn for the low tide to come again. This is the theme of â€Å"The Tides. † William Cullen Bryant’s diction is seen by his very descriptive words, his rhyme scheme, and his love for nature’s beauty. The literary devices and themes, romantic elements, and general meaning of William Cullen Bryant’s poem â€Å"The Tides† characterize this time period’s writing style. Bryant creates a beautiful piece of literature that causes the reader to think about the different â€Å"thoughts† of a wave when the tides are changing.The love of nature is a romantic element that is depicted many times in this poem. This gives the poem a very Romantic feeling. The imagery Bryant uses does a brilliant job of giving the reader a depiction of the tide s at its break. â€Å"The Tides† is a beautiful work by Bryant and a perfect example of a Romantic poem. Works Cited Krapf, Norbert. â€Å"William Cullen Bryant’s Roslyn Poems. † Under an Open Sky, Poets on William Cullen Bryant. New York: The Stone House Press, 1986. Muller, Gilbert H. William Cullen Bryant: Author of America. Albany: State University of New York, 2008.

Audi A6 2012 Marketing Plan Essay Example

Audi A6 2012 Marketing Plan Essay Example Audi A6 2012 Marketing Plan Essay Audi A6 2012 Marketing Plan Essay 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Audi is launching the new A6 in the United States in late 2012. This marketing plan is designed to create awareness and impact around the A6 launch also to increase the market share by selling new cars. With this campaign, Audi will focus on affecting the target audience, driving quality user generated content, leveraging social media platforms and having a high impact launch that will generate buzz around â€Å"Audi Envy† The creative and media strategy is designed to position A6 as the most modern, innovative and luxury product in the marketplace. Media budget part will provide A6 dominance especially in Q3 around product launch. 2. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Audi is a manufacturer of exquisite cars: attractive, sophisticated and technically perfect. The history of Audi is one of the most multi-faceted stories ever told in the history of the automobile in general. The Audi emblem with its four rings identifies one of Germany’s oldest-established automobile manufacturers. It symbolizes the union in 1932 of four previously independent motor-vehicle manufacturers: Audi, DKW, Horch and Wanderer. These companies form the roots of what is today AUDI AG. Source: AudiUSA. com web site) Audi was the winner of multiple awards in 2011: New Audi A6 won prestigious Eyes On Design Award at Detroit Auto Show 2011 Audi Q7 was the winner of the Mid-size Premium SUV Comparison Test U. S. Luxury Auto Marketplace: Premium auto brands sold 119,405 vehicles in April 2011 in the United States. Seven luxury automakers held more than 7% market shar e in April. Mercedes-Benz led the way with 16%, down from 17% in March. Audi, BMW, and Cadillac all grew their portions of the premium market. Audi owned 8. 39% of the overall market share in April 2011. Source: Good Car Bad Car Blog, Luxury Auto Market Share in America April 2011, May 5th 2011) [pic] External Factors: After the 2009 2011 economic crisis in the U. S. , economic conditions and the purchasing power of middle and upper class have started to increase again. People are spending money and the luxury market is growing. This provides Audi an opportunity to increase market share in this geography. In China Audi is still the official choice of government. All autos of China government are Audi especially A6 and A4 models. Audi remains strong in the European markets. Customers in luxury segment are searching for new and innovative, stylish and different looking cars. BMW and Mercedes don`t change the style of their cars just make little stylish changes. Audi can take advantage of this by making more evolutionary changes with the new outlook of A6 and future models. Technology changes in cars are updated rapidly and Audi is one of the leader brands in technology. Wheels, diesel options, clean technology, usage of different materials except steel, acceleration, control panels and inside design of cars are having more quality day by day. Audi should continue to innovate and be the leader in new car technology. Customer Analysis: Overall Audi appeals to an affluent car buyer at all demographics based on the model. Current and potential customers of A6 are M35-54 who have income over $150,000 and also women who can influence the buying process. Younger people and women tend to choose models such as Audi TT, A3 or A4. Internal Factors: The Audi advertising is very creative plus they have an excellent service quality after the sales. The missing point for the company is the budget difference on promotion when compared to BMW, the biggest target rival of Audi now. Another missing part is the website of Audi USA. The information, options and design are not as strong as its rival`s websites. For example, Audi doesn`t have membership option. On the other hand BMW created this option for the potential users of future and now. Audi needs more involvement from fans not only on their web site but also their social media platforms such as Facebook and YouTube. Audi’s â€Å"Urban Future Initiative† and â€Å"Award† outlines the vision for 2030’s world, technology and car. With this initiative Audi really positions itself as the leader in the next generation auto space. Vide can be watched at: audi-urban-future-initiative. com/index. php/en/component/artikel/category/konzept and more information can be found at audi-urban-future-initiative. com/index. php/en. [pic] 3. SWOT ANALYSIS Weaknesses Strengths: Strength: Although Audi does have strong competitors in the luxury auto space, they have high brand recognition in the U. S. People perceive Audi as an innovative and high-tech company which is a very strong strength against competition. Strength: Audi automobiles are extremely strong from a design and technology standpoint. The cars are tested in various conditions and environments, and provide luxury and a great driving fun to users. Audi A6 has still big dimensions for midsize. 194 inches long auto is an inch longer than 5 series and 2 inch longer than Mercedes E-Class which is a strong advantage. The extensive use of aluminum has helped to reduce the weight of the car. Now A6 is lighter than 5 series (3,836 pounds, versus 3,880 pounds) and only small difference left with Strength: One of Audi’s strengths is the top quality. Quality as has been documented time and time again by surveys, competitions and analyses. Quality starts with the selection of materials, surfaces and continues with the technology that Audi brings to the table. Strength: Pricing is one of the biggest strengths for Audi. Even though there is a small increase in A6`price in 2012, it will still be cheaper than competitors. Strength: Audi has eye-catchy and creative advertising executions. Audi’s advertising helped Audi to increase market share in the U. S. the last 5 years. Weakness: Audi is leader in China and Europe but 3rd in U. S. There is a big market share difference with BMW and Mercedes. Opportunities Threats: Threat: Audi faces intense competition in the luxury automotive sector. BMW and Mercedes still have very strong brand recognition for customers in the United States, especially for wealthy customers. These two brand names are enough to buy the product for a lot of people. Threat: The observable increase of Mercedes in China, where the Audi is leader, is threating Audi`s market share. While Audi is trying to expand its share in U. S, leadership position in Asia must go on. Opportunity: Luxury market share and investment has started to increase again after the crisis in the United States. Increase in luxury product consumption will give Audi an opportunity to increase market share in the U. S. Opportunity: People are becoming more and more sensitive to environment and green technology. The clean diesel technology of Audi`s models will bring advantage to company in the future. There is a big opportunity for Audi to bring forward the clean and environment friendly technology. Opportunity: From a social media standpoint, none of the competitors are active enough and providing the users to contribute. Audi has an opportunity here to leverage the power of Audi enthusiastic fans to have a strong voice and opinion in the social media space. 4. MARKETING OBJECTIVES o Drive awareness and create impact of Audi A6 launch in the US market in late 2012 o Increase market share by 2% in the US market for Audi A6 5. STRATEGY I. Target Audience Primary target audience for the Audi A6 is males 35-54 with a household income over $150,000. Secondary target audience is women who are also the key influencer in the purchase process of the A6. Based on MRI and Nielsen syndicated research, primary target audience media consumption is analyzed across interest areas, relevant programming and internet media usage. (Detailed charts are provided in the appendix) Affluent M35-54 audience watches TV, uses the Internet and Mobile, iPad and Xbox platforms. M35-54 is less likely to read a newspaper, magazine or listen to radio. Based on syndicated research, media budget allocation is determined with an emphasis on TV as well as emerging media. II. Product [pic][pic] Overall design of Audi A6 is evolutionary. From a design standpoint, the edges have been softened a bit which gives the car a clear, sharp and futuristic look and feel. It is designed to provide a great and luxurious driving experience for city and highway driving. The interior is designed to provide luxury and comfort to the A6 driver. (Source: Edmunds inside Line by Ed Hellwig, Editor, Published Aug 26, 2010) 2012 Audi A6 will consist of a conventional steel chassis that uses numerous aluminum parts to keep the overall weight down. The standard suspension will use traditional steel coil springs, while an optional air suspension will also be available. Audis Drive Select system will also be part of the offerings, so even if you dont opt for the air suspension youll still be able to adjust the steering, throttle and damper settings. (Source: Edmunds inside Line by Ed Hellwig, Editor, Published Aug 26, 2010) Auto Express has gotten their hands on the all-new 2012 Audi A6 and put it up against the BMW 5-series and Mercedes-Benz E-class in this test Auto Express compares the Audi A6 2. 0 TDI to the BMW 520d and Mercedes-Benz E220 CDI. Auto Express concludes that while the BMW 520d is still the best option for driving enthusiasts, its the Audi A6 2. TDI that provides the best overall combination of highway and city driving, fuel efficiency, luxury and performance. The Mercedes-Benz E220 provides a solid option but it cant match the driving dynamics of the BMW or the style and interior luxury of the Audi. (Source: Auto Express News, autospies. com/news/AutoExpress-Showdown-2012-Audi-A6-Defeats-BMW-5-series-and-Mercedes-Benz-E-class-6359 8/) [pic] III. Price: The current Audi A6 is priced between $45,000 to $60,000 based on the accessories and interior selection. 2012 A6 will be priced just a little higher starting at $47,500 to $62,500. There will be buy and lease options at all dealers. There will be a special discount for current BMW and Mercedes owners like 1%-2% to convert them to the new Audi A6. IV. Place/Distribution: Audi A6 will be sold through all Audi dealerships across United States. Test drive opportunities will be available by appointment and walk in. The marketing strategy only focuses on the Audi A6 launch in the United States. V. Advertising/Promotional Strategy: a. Creative Strategy: Audi A6 creative strategy will align with the Audi tagline â€Å"Truth in Engineering† and demonstrate the technology, inspiring design, luxury and pleasure of driving an A6. The creative will help to generate â€Å"Audi Envy† amongst the target audience. TV commercials (15, 30 and 60 seconds), Out of Home (Outdoor) placements, community web site, banners, and online video, mobile and iPad applications/placements will be created as a part of the creative strategy. $2 million budget is allocated to do all production expenses. b. Media Strategy: Pre-launch Strategy: Create buzz around the product with minimal media investment by using the power of social media. Pre-launch media strategy will focus on maximizing user generated content by enabling user generated content. 5 carefully chosen Audi fans (auto and social media enthusiastic drivers) within A6’s target audience will be given the new A6 six months before the product launch. These twenty five drivers will be asked to drive around US, record and post videos on an A6 community page. Drivers will talk about A6 features, technology and why they love their A6. User generated content will als o be heavily used in social media through Audi’s Facebook page and YouTube. Launch Strategy: High impact media plan will surround the target audience on multimedia channels. These channels will be TV, Outdoor and Internet. Relevant and high-profile TV shows, web sites and key out of home placements will be used. Two key product placements, Bourne Legacy and James Bond 23 will generate buzz among the target audience in 2012. Sports content (NFL, Golf, and Tennis) will also be targeted to reach extra customers. c. Geographic Allocation: A national media strategy will primarily be utilized at 80% of budget allocation with 20% focus in richest US cities including New York, Los Angles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Dallas, San Francisco, Atlanta, Boston, Washington DC, Houston, Phoenix and Detroit. . Advertising Budget: $22,000,000 (Production: $2,000,000; Media: $20,000,000) Budget allocation is showed below: [pic] e. Media Weight: The new A6 is expected to come out in late 2012. The promotional activity will start in Q1 2012 with a pre-launch campaign and the majority of the media budget will be invested in Q3 and Q4 2012. The media weight is described below: Q1/Q2 2012: Pre-launch media promotion; Spend Alloca tion: 15% Q3 2012: Launch; Spend Allocation: 55% Q4 2012: Maintenance; Spend Allocation: 30% f. Media Channel Selection: Based on primary and secondary target audience media consumption, here are the selected media channels: Pre-Launch: 1. Social Media: User Generated Content, Facebook, You Tube, Twitter 2. Search: Google, Bing, Yahoo! 3. Online Media: Websites about Auto Launch: 1. Product Placement: A6 product placement will appear in two action movies in 2012. Audi will also sponsor these movies to complete the product placements. Bourne Legacy, August 2012 James Bond 23, November 2012 2. Social Media: Facebook, YouTube, Twitter . Online Media: Auto, Sports, Luxury, Business and Life Style web sites. Minimum lifestyle inventory against the secondary target audience (women, influencers) will be utilized. 4. Search: Google, Bing, Yahoo! 5. Television: Relevant and high reach TV Shows and Sports Programming (NFL, Golf, Tennis, and Car Racing) as outlined in the MRI research pulls. Minimum lifestyle TV inventory for the secondary target audience (women influencers) will be u tilized. 6. Emerging Media: iPhone and iPad applications will be created to demonstrate the modern technology of A6. Mobile media will be used to drive users to the iPhone and iPad applications. In addition, a small part of the media budget will be allocated to Xbox Live to appeal to the M34-45 group who is active on this platform. 7. Outdoor: Selected out of home placements will be used in important cities including New York, Los Angles and Chicago. In flight business class commercials will help to target business executives. 8. Events: Special parties will be held at 2012 Detroit and New York auto shows. 9. Public Relations: PR will be positioned to drive buzz and excitement around the product launch. Print (magazines/newspapers) and direct mail channels are not recommended based on target audience’s reduced consumption habits. g. Sales Strategy: Audi sales teams around the United States will receive hard training about A6 features and technology also will be trained against key competitive products including BMW and Mercedes. During the test drive, sales representatives will communicate t he luxury, prestige and comfort that the new A6 will bring into the potential buyer’s life. 6. ACTION PROGRAM Following activities will be schedule to execute the pre-launch and launch campaigns: Activity 1: Create a community/web site for Audi A6 and refresh content through 2012. Manage the user generated content coming in to the community site Person Responsible: Marketing/IT Departments Budget: $60,000 Completion Date: January 2012 Activity 2: Maintain an ongoing social activation around the new A6 before and after launch. (Facebook, YouTube and Twitter) Person Responsible: Marketing/PR Departments Budget: $250,000 Completion Date: February 2012 Activity 3: Create mobile/iPhone and iPad applications for Audi A6. Person Responsible: Budget: $90,000 Completion Date: April 2012 Activity 4: Develop creative for the 2012 A6 campaign (TV commercials, Outdoor, banners, mobile banners, etc. ) Person Responsible: Marketing Department, Creative Agency Budget: $1,850,000 Completion Date: May 2012 Activity 5: Develop and execute a media plan for the 2012 A6 ad campaign Person Responsible: Marketing Department, Media Agency Budget: $13,750,000 Completion Date: April 2012 Activity 5: Give training all sales representatives about A6 features and differentiators Person Responsible: Sales/HR Departments Budget: $200,000 Completion Date: Activity 6: Work with the movie production companies for product placements in the selected movies Person Responsible: Marketing Department Budget: $4,000,000 Completion Date: November 2011 7. FINANCIAL FORECAST In 2010 financial year 1,092,411 Audi cars have been sold; the mark income has been at 35. 4 billion Euros, with an operational profit of 3. 34 billion euro and profitability of sales at 9. 4%. The cash flow from primary activity has considerably exceeded previous year indicators in 4. 9 million Euros and has made 5. 797 million Euros. The forecast for 2011 is delivery over 1. 2 million cars in general. At the end of the A6 promotion, the market share in the U. S will grow 2% in U. S and 4% in the whole world. The old model of Audi A6 sold 10,016 in 2010 in the United States. With the growth of sales and market share, I predict that the new evolutionary A6 will sell 11,272 units/cars in U. S. The profit will increase from 72 million dollars to 81 million dollars after the successful marketing plan for Audi A6 in the U. S. The income also will develop from 700 million dollars to 826 million dollars. 8. SUMMARY The new Audi A6 design is evolutionary and provides e a great and luxurious driving experience for city and highway driving. The marketing plan around the new A6 is designed to activate social media and generate buzz around the product. Innovative creative strategy and focus in emerging media will position the new A6 as the most modern and luxury car of the year. High impact product launch will dominate television and internet in relevant placements and programming, As a result, increase in A6 awareness and 2% market share in the United States is targeted in 2012.

50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational Writing

50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational Writing 50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational Writing 50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational Writing By Mark Nichol Is rhetorician on your resume? It should be, because I’d be surprised if you haven’t employed one or more of the methods listed below for conveying emphasis to your writing. Rhetoric, the art of persuasive written or spoken discourse, was developed in ancient Greece, and every one of the terms below stems from classical Greek or from Latin, the language of the culture that inherited the Greek oratory legacy. But that should be no obstacle to adding these tried-and-true tools to your argumentative armamentarium, because brief definitions, as well as examples, accompany this exhaustive but by no means complete list: 1. Amplification An expansion of detail to clarify a point: â€Å"We few, we happy few, we band of brothers.† 2. Anacoluthon A sudden break in a sentence’s grammatical structure: â€Å"So, then I pulled up to her house are you still with me here?† 3. Anadiplosis Repetition of words, especially located at the end of one phrase or clause and the beginning of the next: â€Å"I was at a loss for words, words that perhaps would have gotten me into even more trouble.† 4. Anaphora Repetition of one or more words at the head of consecutive phrases, clauses, or sentences: â€Å"I came, I saw, I conquered.† 5. Anastrophe Inversion of word order to mark emphasis: â€Å"Enter the forest primeval.† 6. Antanaclasis Repetition of a word in a sentence in which a different meaning is applied each time: â€Å"If you aren’t fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired, with enthusiasm.† 7. Antanagoge The contradiction of a negative comment with a positive one, as in â€Å"The car wouldn’t start this time, but it least it didn’t catch on fire.† 8. Antimetabole Reversal of repeated words or phrases for effect: â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country. 9. Antiphrasis Ironic use of a single word: â€Å"It was a cool 100 degrees in the shade.† 10. Antistrophe Repetition of a word or phrase at the close of successive clauses: â€Å"You said he was late true enough. You said he was not prepared true enough. You said he did not defend his statements true enough.† 11. Antithesis Contrast within parallel phrases (not to be confused with the ordinary use of the word to mean â€Å"extreme opposite†): â€Å"Many are called, but few are chosen.† The term can also refer to literary characters who, though not necessarily antagonists, represent opposite personal characteristics or moral views. 12. Apophasis Calling attention to something by dismissing it: â€Å"No one would suggest that those who are homeless elected to live on the streets willingly.† 13. Aporia A statement of hesitation, also known as dubitatio, in which characters express to themselves an actual or feigned doubt or dilemma: â€Å"Should I strike now, or bide my time?† 14. Aposiopesis Abrupt discontinuation of a statement: â€Å"If you say that one more time, I’m gonna † 15. Apostrophe Interruption of thought to directly address a person or a personification: â€Å"So, I ask you, dear reader, what would you have me do?† 16. Asyndeton Absence of conjunctions: â€Å"We cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground.† 17. Auxesis Exaggeration, often with sequential enhancement: â€Å"You found my purse? You are a hero, a prince, a god!† 18. Bdelygmia A rant of abusive language: â€Å"Calling you an idiot would be an insult to stupid people. Are you always this stupid, or are you just making a special effort today?† 19. Bomphiologia Excessive braggadocio: â€Å"I am the very model of a modern major-general. I’ve information vegetable, animal, and mineral.† Also known as verborum bombus. 20. Brachyology An abbreviated expression or telegrammatic statement: â€Å"‘Morning,’ he mumbled as he stumbled out of bed†; â€Å"I have three words for you, buddy: pot, kettle, black.† 21. Cacophony Deliberate use of harsh letter sounds: â€Å"The clash and clang of steel jarred him awake.† 22. Catachresis A hyperbolic metaphor, as in â€Å"Each word was a lightning bolt to his heart.† 23. Chiasmus This is the reversal of grammatical order from one phrase to the next, exemplified in these two well-known quotes about evaluation: â€Å"Judge not, lest ye be judged† and â€Å"A heart is not judged by how much you love, but by how much you are loved by others.† 24. Commoratio Repetition of a point with different wording: â€Å"He’s passed on! This parrot is no more! He has ceased to be! He’s expired and gone to meet his maker!† (etc., ad absurdum) 25. Dehortatio Imperative advice about how not to act: â€Å"Do not look a gift horse in the mouth.† 26. Diacope Repetition of one or more words after the interval of one or more other words: â€Å"People who like this sort of thing will find this the sort of thing they like.† 27. Diatyposis Advice: â€Å"Do unto others as you would have others do unto you.† 28. Distinctio A definition or clarification of a term: â€Å"What we will be seeking . . . will be large, stable communities of like-minded people, which is to say relatives.† 29. Epanelepsis Starting and ending a phrase, clause, or a sentence, or a passage, with the same word or phrase: â€Å"Nothing is worse than doing nothing.† 30. Epistrophe The repetition of a word at the end of each phrase or clause: â€Å"I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.† 31. Epizeuxis Epizeuxis, epizeuxis, epizeuxis! My favorite new word, also called palilogia, refers to nothing more than the repetition of words: â€Å"To my fifteen-year-old daughter, everything is ‘boring, boring, boring!’† 32. Hendiadys A conjunctive rather than a coordinate phrase: â€Å"I made it nice and hot, just the way you like it.† 33. Hyperbaton Excursion from natural word order in various ways: â€Å"Theirs was a glory unsurpassed†; â€Å"It is a sad story but true.† 34. Hysteron-proteron A reversal of logical order of elements in a phrase: â€Å"Sudden thunder and lightning drove them to shelter.† 35. Litotes This is the strategy of understatement often employed to provide subtle emphasis, frequently for ironic effect or to underline a passionate opinion: â€Å"The assassin was not unacquainted with danger.† 36. Meiosis A dismissive epithet, such as treehugger, or a humorously dismissive understatement (also known as tapinosis), such as the Monty Python and the Holy Grail gem â€Å"It’s just a flesh wound!† 37. Metanoia The qualification of a statement to either diminish or strengthen its tone, as in â€Å"She was disturbed make that appalled by the spectacle.† Traditionally, nay is often a keyword that sets up the shift, but no replaces it in modern usage except in facetious or whimsical writing: â€Å"You are the fairest flower in the garden nay, in the entire meadow.† 38. Paronomasia Punning wordplay, including any of many types, including homophonic or homographic puns, both of which are included in this example: â€Å"You can tune a guitar, but you can’t tuna fish. Unless of course, you play bass.† 39. Pleonasm Redundancy for emphasis: â€Å"We heard it with our own ears.† 40. Polyptoton Repetition of two or more forms of a word; also known as paregmenon: â€Å"You try to forget, and in the forgetting, you are yourself forgotten.† 41. Polysyndeton Insertion of conjunctions before each word in a list: â€Å"My fellow students read and studied and wrote and passed. I laughed and played and talked and failed.† 42. Scesis Onomaton Repetition of an idea using synonymous words or phrases: â€Å"We succeeded, won, and walked away victorious.† 43. Sententia The punctuation of a point with an aphorism such as â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover.† 44. Sentential Adverbs These single words or brief phrases emphasize the thought they precede, interrupt, or rarely follow. Examples include however, naturally, no doubt, and of course and, in informal writing, phrases such as â€Å"you see.† 45. Syllepsis Divergent use of a word in two phrases: â€Å"We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately.† 46. Symploce A combination of anaphora and epistrophe: â€Å"To think clearly and rationally should be a major goal for man; but to think clearly and rationally is always the greatest difficulty faced by man.† 47. Synathroesmus A series of adjectives, also known as accumulatio, compiled often in the service of criticism: â€Å"You’re the most arrogant, selfish, self-absorbed, insufferable narcissist I’ve ever met!† 48. Synecdoche Substitution of a part or a substance for a whole, one thing for another, or a specific name used for a generic: â€Å"A hundred head of cattle were scattered throughout the field†; â€Å"A regiment of horse paraded by†; â€Å"The swordsmen unsheathed their steel†; â€Å"Do you have a Kleenex?† 49. Tapinosis Invective: â€Å"Get out of my way, you mouth-breathing cretin.† 50. Tricolon A series of three parallel words, phrases, clauses, or statements: â€Å"Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?Top 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad)Adverbs and Hyphens

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